Building Out Alternative Fuel Retail Infrastructure:

One significant obstacle to meeting aggressive federal and state alternative fuel consumption targets is the relative scarcity of retail fueling stations that carry alternative fuels. Policies that encourage or mandate use of alternative fuel vehicles in government fleets, thereby increasing demand for such fuels, are one popular approach to stimulating further development of the alternative fuel retail infrastructure. I focus specifically on flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that burn E85, a combination of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, to study the impact of government fleet composition on retail alternative fuel infrastructure. Using data from six states in the Midwest that account for over 60% of US E85 stations, I show that government fleet adoption of FFVs leads to an increase in retail E85 stations. This finding persists when using instrumental variables techniques to address the endogeneity of government fleet FFV purchases. I also explore whether fuel station retail market structure has an effect on alternative fuel availability and find no evidence that the presence of stations affiliated with integrated gasoline producers has limited the availability of E85 at the market level. Finally, I examine how the effect of government FFVs on E85 availability varies by state and discuss the differing policy approaches that these states have taken. ∗ 105 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E6. [email protected]. Trevor Tombe provided excellent research assistance. I thank Severin Borenstein, Tim Brennan, Jim Bushnell, Ambarish Chandra, Mara Lederman, Catherine Wolfram, and seminar participants at UC Davis, the UC Energy Institute, the 2009 International Industrial Organization Conference, and the 2009 Canadian Economics Association conference for helpful comments. I thank the UC Energy Institute for generously hosting me as a visiting scholar during the spring of 2008, when the first draft of this paper was completed.